Carew Tower
Carew Tower (left) and Netherland Plaza (right) as seen from Fountain Square, with The Genius of Water in the foreground
Carew Tower is located in Ohio
Carew Tower
Location within Ohio
Record height
Tallest in Cincinnati from 1931 to 2011[I]
Preceded byFourth and Vine Tower
Surpassed byGreat American Tower at Queen City Square
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeCommercial offices
Architectural styleArt Deco
Location441 Vine Street
Cincinnati, Ohio
Coordinates39°06′03″N 84°30′48″W / 39.1007°N 84.5132°W / 39.1007; -84.5132
Construction started1929
Completed1931
CostUS$33 million
OwnerVictrix Investments, LLC[1]
Height
Antenna spire190 m (623 ft)
Roof175 m (574 ft)
Top floor171.3 m (562 ft)
Technical details
Floor count49
Floor area128,000 m2 (1,377,780.5 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators14
Design and construction
Architect(s)W.W. Ahlschlager & Associates
Delano & Aldrich
DeveloperJohn J. Emery
Main contractorStarrett Investment Corp.
Col. William A. Starrett
Carew Tower-Netherland Plaza Hotel
Area10 acres (4.0 ha)
NRHP reference No.82003578
Significant dates
Added to NRHPAugust 5, 1982
Designated NHLApril 19, 1994
References
[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Carew Tower is a 49-story, 574-foot (175 m) Art Deco skyscraper completed in 1931 in the heart of downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The second-tallest building in the city, it was Cincinnati's tallest from 1930 until 2011, when it was surpassed by Great American Tower at Queen City Square. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994. The tower is named after Joseph T. Carew, proprietor of the Mabley & Carew department store chain, which had previously operated in a building on the site.

Described by the National Park Service as "one of the finest examples of skyscraper modernism in America" and "the most complete statement of the 1920s' Jazz Age", the Carew Tower was developed by John J. Emery, who sought to create a mixed-use "city within a city". From 1930 until 2022, the tower hosted commercial tenants on the majority of floors, with the lower levels occupied by a retail arcade. In its later years as a commercial property, the tower was beset by high vacancy rates and financial difficulties. The tower was sold in 2022 to developer Victrix Investments LLC, who announced plans to convert the tower into a primarily residential building. Work on the conversion is planned to conclude by late 2029.

The tower was built alongside an adjoining hotel, the Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza (formerly Omni Netherland Plaza).[8] A member of the Historic Hotels of America, it shares the same Art Deco architecture as the tower, with elaborate ornamentation inspired by the Palace of Versailles. The 2022 sale resulted in ownership of the hotel being separated from that of the tower.

History

[edit]

Construction and commercial use

[edit]

The Carew Tower replaced the late nineteenth-century Carew Building, a nine-story structure built in 1891 in the Romanesque style, designed by Cincinnati architect James W. McLaughlin. The Carew Building, home to the Mabley & Carew department store, included a clock tower and hydraulic elevators. Following the death of Joseph T. Carew in 1914, the building was purchased by a real estate corporation founded by Cincinnati industrialist Thomas Emery.[9] By the summer of 1929, the Carew Building had been demolished to build the new tower.[10]

Construction began in September 1929, just one month before the stock market crash on October 24 that triggered the Great Depression.[11] Tower developer John J. Emery had sold his stocks weeks beforehand in order to finance the building, which reduced the crash's impact on the project.[12][13] Construction continued on a modified plan.[14] The total cost of the building was $33 million ($621 million in 2024 dollars). It took crews only 13 months to complete the construction, working 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.[11] The tower opened on October 30, 1930.[15] The hotel opened the following year.[16]

Department stores Mabley & Carew and H. & S. Pogue moved into the retail arcade shortly after the tower's opening, becoming the largest tenants in the arcade. Mabley & Carew would remain in the tower until 1960.[13][17] Emery's own Emery Industries was one of the earliest commercial tenants to move into the tower.[18] Major League Baseball commissioner Happy Chandler had an office in the tower due to its proximity to his home state of Kentucky, and National League president Warren Giles maintained an office in the building in the 1950s and 1960s.[19]

The hotel, which featured 800 rooms upon its completion, was initially named St. Nicholas Plaza after Cincinnati's defunct St. Nicholas Hotel. After a court ruled that the rights to the St. Nicholas name belonged to the Hotel Sinton, the hotel rebranded as Netherland Plaza, referencing its location in the low-lying basin of the Ohio River.[12][13] By 1937, the hotel was run by hotel industry pioneer Ralph Hitz's National Hotel Management Company.[20] The hotel was severely damaged by a fire in 1942. In 1983, Dunfey Hotels (later Omni Hotels & Resorts) and Belvedere Hotels became co-managers of the hotel, which was renamed the Omni Netherland Plaza Hotel. The Netherland Plaza underwent a major remodel in the early 1980s, which cost $28 million ($88.4 million in 2024 dollars).[12][13] It entered into a franchise agreement with Hilton Hotels in 2002, at which point it became known as Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza. By 2002, its room count had declined to 624.[21] Belvedere Hotels spent almost $10 million ($13.7 million in 2024 dollars) on another renovation in 2012.[13]

The Carew Tower and Netherland Plaza were added to the National Register of Historic Places as a single entity on August 5, 1982.[22] In 1991, Netherland Plaza became a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[16] The complex was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994. The National Park Service referred to the complex as "one of the finest examples of skyscraper modernism in America" and "the most complete statement of the 1920s' Jazz Age".[17]

The building was acquired by the Belvedere Corporation in 1990. In 2014, investor Greg Power became the owner of both Belvedere and the tower.[23] In 2017, a plan was submitted to divide the tower into condominiums, prompting media speculation about potential residential conversion.[24] By 2019, nearly half of the retail and office space in the tower was vacant. That year, Power asked a tenant in the building to consider moving to lower floors to make way for residential condos on the upper levels.[25] In 2020, remaining corporate tenants included Frisch's and JPMorgan Chase.[26] The observation deck on the tower's top floor, which had been a "beloved" attraction for tourists and locals, was closed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]

In 1997, the tower was connected to Fountain Place via a section of the Cincinnati Skywalk, which was the last portion of the skywalk to be built. The Cincinnati Enquirer referred to it as "perhaps the most visible segment of the skywalk system". The skywalk connection was demolished in October 2020. Taking place amidst the wider dismantling of the skywalk system, the Carew Tower portion was specifically removed to facilitate 3CDC's renovation of a former Macy's department store that had previously occupied Fountain Place.[28]

Sale and residential conversion

[edit]

The tower was listed for sale in July 2020, with Cushman & Wakefield serving as the broker. The adjoining hotel was not included in the sale. The 400,000 square feet of office space in the tower was valued at $18.4 million, while the Carew Tower Arcade, consisting of 110,000 square feet of retail space in the basement and on the first two floors, was valued at $9.7 million.[26] In February 2021, Duke Energy threatened to disconnect the building's electricity due to Power's failure to pay utility bills, but later walked back on the threat.[29] In October 2021, a foreclosure lawsuit was filed against Power for defaulting on the building's mortgage. The lawsuit stated that Power owed nearly $10 million to lender Veles Partners LLC. The city of Cincinnati also sought to gain over $600,000 in unpaid sewer bills from Power.[30]

In August 2022, the tower sold for $18 million to New York-based developer Victrix Investments LLC, a corporate affiliate of Veles Partners. Veles dismissed their foreclosure suit on the day of the sale. Victrix announced plans to convert the tower into a primarily residential building.[1] Power would retain control of the hotel, with Victrix acquiring the office and retail space within the tower itself.[18] A new deed was filed for Carew Tower the day it was sold, which called for the tower's utilities to be separated from those of the Netherland Plaza.[31] The last corporate tenant to leave the building was law firm Wood, Herron, & Evans, which had been headquartered in the tower since November 1930 and was one of its first tenants.[18] The month after the sale, Victrix's CEO filed a lien against the Netherland Plaza for $5.1 million in unpaid expenses related to the Carew Tower's division into three condominiums in 2017.[31]

A foreclosure suit was filed against Netherland Plaza LLC in November 2022. The suit stated that the hotel had been in default on a $77 million loan since 2021. The hotel was placed into receivership the same month, which was intended to protect the hotel's relationship with Hilton and help prepare for a potential foreclosure sale.[32][33] In November 2023, Magistrate Anita Berding of the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas ruled against the hotel, determining that Power had defaulted on his loan and owed $84.9 million. Power was given three days after the ruling to pay back the owed funds, after which the hotel's lenders could choose to sell it at a sheriff's auction.[34] Court rulings in 2024 found that Power also owed $1 million to the city and $1.6 million to the county for unpaid lodging taxes.[35]

In November 2023, wind hit scaffolding while the building was undergoing renovation, causing bricks to fall from the tower. No injuries were reported, but a car was lightly damaged and sections of Vine Street and Fifth Street were temporarily closed.[36][37]

In September 2024, the Port of Greater Cincinnati Development Authority agreed to assist Victrix with obtaining construction materials for the tower's renovation without paying sales taxes.[38] By 2025, the plan for the tower's residential conversion called for 375 market-rate apartment units on the 4th through 49th floors, with 65,000 square feet on the first three floors reserved for commercial space. The plan also called for ten units of short-term corporate housing. The conversion is projected to cost $162 million, of which $54 million will be paid by Victrix itself. The state of Ohio granted Victrix $6.4 million for environmental remediation, $10 million in tax credits for historic preservation, and $4.25 million in tax credits to encourage mixed-use development. In exchange for a 30-year tax abatement from the city government, Victrix would contribute $16.7 million to Cincinnati Public Schools and $1 million to the Cincinnati streetcar over the course of the abatement. The conversion is slated to begin in 2025 and finish by the end of 2029.[39]

Jumpers

[edit]

Several people have committed or attempted to commit suicide by jumping from the tower:

  • On February 15, 1944, Martha Schrickel, aged 31, jumped to her death from the 26th floor.[40]
  • Later that year Oscar Perlmutter, a 61-year-old scrap dealer, jumped from the 42nd floor to his death.[41]
  • In 1952, Robert Maxwell Jones Jr., aged 26, rode an elevator up to the 45th floor, then stepped off to take the stairs to the observation deck. When he found the door to the deck locked, he opened a window on the 47th floor, and climbed out onto a three-foot ledge. Occupants in the building pleaded for Jones to climb back inside, but he refused, at one point, hanging by his hands off a ledge. Over 5,000 people gathered on the streets below to watch Jones. After several hours, rescuers managed to drag him back into the building.[42]
  • In 1953, 23-year-old Hazel Gundrum fatally leapt from the 43rd floor.[43]
  • In 1961, Dorothy Holt, aged 38, fatally jumped from the 49th story observatory.[44]
  • In 1969, a Price Hill resident, Barbara Ann Koch, jumped out of a window on the 40th floor to her death.[45]
  • In 1978, Robert McMurray, a 34-year-old arrested on an attempted rape charge, jumped from the 49th floor observation deck.[46]
  • In 1982, 14-year-old Frank Rosenberger jumped to his death from 21st floor.[47]
  • In 1992, 22-year-old Daniel Fluegeman jumped to his death from the 49th floor observatory, landing on the 16th floor patio of the Omni Netherland Plaza Hotel.[48]
  • In 2000, a woman leapt to her death from the 49th floor observatory.[49]
  • In 2016, a man jumped to his death from the 49th floor observation deck.[50]

Design

[edit]

Located at 441 Vine Street in the central business district of Cincinnati, the 49-story Carew Tower stands 574 feet (175 meters) tall, which made it the tallest building in the city at the time of its completion. Prior to its residential conversion, it contained 400,000 square feet of office space and 110,000 square feet of retail space. The Netherland Plaza hotel has a separate address of 35 West Fifth Street. It features 561 rooms, 40,000 square feet of event space, and dining areas across 31 stories.[2][51] The tower remained Cincinnati's tallest building until 2011, when it was displaced by Great American Tower at Queen City Square. The Carew Tower has eight more floors and more useable space than Great American Tower, but is roughly 90 feet shorter due to the tiara structure that adorns Great American Tower.[52][53]

The Carew Tower was designed by the architectural firm W.W. Ahlschlager & Associates with Delano & Aldrich and developed by John J. Emery. The original concept was a development that would include a department store, a theater, an office accommodation, and a hotel to rival the Waldorf-Astoria. Emery selected William A. Starrett of Starrett Investment Corp. as a partner and Starrett Brothers, Inc. as general contractors.[13][54] The building is an early prototype of an urban mixed-use development, a "city within a city". New York City's Rockefeller Center, built around the same time, is a more famous example of this concept.[13][26]

The building is a leading example of Art Deco architecture. Art Deco stylistic motifs can be found throughout the building, particularly in the metalwork and areas surrounding the elevators and lights.[55] Many of the Art Deco design elements were directly influenced by similar designs showcased at the 1925 International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, which had helped popularize Art Deco. Locally-made Rookwood Pottery floral tiles adorn the east and west entrances of the building, and Rookwood also produced the fountain in the hotel lounge.[17] Sculpture work on the exterior and interior of the building was carried out by New York architectural sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan.[55] The tower exterior is made primarily of brick, featuring numerous setbacks and gilded spandrels near the peak.[17]

Eighteen Louis Grell murals can be found throughout the Hilton Netherland Plaza Hotel on the bottom floor: 10 wall-to-ceiling murals in the hotel's original lobby, now the Palm Court; four murals in the Continental Room; two above the side entry staircase. The staircase mural says "Welcome Travelers" and the four in the Continental Room represent the four seasons of the year. The 90-foot long Apollo Gallery includes an "Apollo on Chariot" mural and a large "Hunt of Diana" mural by Grell.[citation needed] These subjects echo similar ones that appear at the Palace of Versailles.[56] Likewise, the hotel's Hall of Mirrors banquet room was inspired by the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.[57] The hotel's Pavillion Caprice nightclub was influenced by the ocean liner SS Leviathan.[17]

The building was originally designed with three towers: the tallest housing offices, the second the hotel, and the third serving as a parking garage which had an elevator rather than traditional ramps for access. The third parking tower was demolished in 1980 due to corrosion from road salt. There was also a turntable for vehicles to assist in pointing delivery trucks in the right direction. The system has since been dismantled.[17]

[edit]

From 1967 to 1980, the Carew Tower and the neighboring Fourth and Vine Tower, then called the Central Trust Bank tower, were featured in the opening and closing credits of the daytime soap opera The Edge of Night, which used Cincinnati as the stand-in for the show's fictional locale of "Monticello". Procter & Gamble, the show's producer, is based in Cincinnati.[citation needed] From 1978 to 1982, the building was featured in the opening and closing credits on the sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati.[58]

[edit]
  • Hall of Mirrors
    Hall of Mirrors
  • Hilton Netherland Plaza restaurant, displaying Art Deco style
    Hilton Netherland Plaza restaurant, displaying Art Deco style
  • Ceiling detail and chandelier inside the Carew Tower
    Ceiling detail and chandelier inside the Carew Tower
  • Hotel lobby
    Hotel lobby
  • The elevator lobby of Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza displays Art Deco style with original mail chute drop box
    The elevator lobby of Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza displays Art Deco style with original mail chute drop box

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Monk, Dan (August 23, 2022). "Carew Tower sold for $18 million". WCPO. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Carew Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  3. ^ "Emporis building ID 122028". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  4. ^ Carew Tower at Glass Steel and Stone (archived)
  5. ^ "Carew Tower". SkyscraperPage.
  6. ^ Carew Tower at Structurae
  7. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  8. ^ McCarty, Mary (July 1983). "Cincinnati: The City for People with Big City Tastes and Hometown Hearts". Cincinnati Magazine Jul 1983. p. 66. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  9. ^ Suess, Jeff (June 22, 2015). Lost Cincinnati. Arcadia Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-62585-108-6.
  10. ^ Korom, Joseph J. (2008). The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height. Branden Books. ISBN 978-0-8283-2188-4.
  11. ^ a b Schrage, Robert (July 1, 2006). Along the Ohio River: Cincinnati to Louisville. Arcadia Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 9780738543086. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c Coleman, Brent (April 4, 2017). "Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza Hotel among finalists for elite national award". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "Hotel History in Cincinnati, Ohio - Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza". Historic Hotels of America. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  14. ^ Hoevener, Laura (2010). Adventures Around Cincinnati. Hillcrest Publishing Group. p. 25. ISBN 9781936107438.
  15. ^ Associated Press (October 30, 2019). "Today in History, October 30, 1930: Cincinnati's Carew Tower opened". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  16. ^ a b "Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza, a Historic Hotels of America member". Historic Hotels of America. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Pitts, Carolyn. "Carew Tower-Netherland Plaza Hotel". National Park Service. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  18. ^ a b c Monk, Dan (August 16, 2022). "Nearly 92 years later, Carew Tower's last office tenant was also one of the first". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  19. ^ Monk, Dan (December 16, 2015). "Interactive: MLB commissioner had Carew office". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
  20. ^ Cincinnati Enquirer Newspaper, 11 May 1937, Pg. 7; https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/99498652/ Retrieved 08 March 2018
  21. ^ "Former Cincinnati Omni Netherland Plaza Hotel Becomes a Hilton". Hospitality Net. June 3, 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  22. ^ "Carew Tower". National Park Service. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  23. ^ Monk, Dan (March 28, 2017). "Tower of Power: New owner vows to "take care" of Carew Tower, but how?". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  24. ^ Monk, Dan (March 28, 2017). "Carew Tower files condo conversion plan with Hamilton County". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  25. ^ Tucker, Randy (September 11, 2019). "Carew Tower: Big changes loom for historic Downtown landmark, once a symbol of Cincinnati's 'exuberance'". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  26. ^ a b c Tucker, Randy (July 15, 2020). "Carew Tower: One of Cincinnati's most historic landmarks has been offered for sale to highest bidder". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  27. ^ Franklin, Sydney (January 30, 2024). "Downtown's beloved Carew Tower observation deck could reopen with residential revamp". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  28. ^ Suess, Jeff (October 27, 2020). "Saying goodbye to downtown Cincinnati's old skywalk". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  29. ^ Tucker, Randy (February 9, 2021). "Carew Tower keeping the lights on". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  30. ^ Tucker, Randy (November 12, 2021). "Carew Tower owner facing foreclosure; also owes more than $642K in unpaid utility bills". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  31. ^ a b Monk, Dan (September 17, 2022). "Here's why Carew Tower's new owner filed a $5.1M lien against Cincinnati Netherland hotel property". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
  32. ^ Monk, Dan (November 11, 2022). "Carew Tower hotel faces foreclosure". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  33. ^ Planalp, Brian (January 12, 2024). "Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza Hotel performing 'very well' in receivership, general manager says". Cincinnati Business Courier. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  34. ^ Miller, Abby (January 16, 2024). "Iconic Hilton Netherland Plaza Hotel could be sold, court rules". Local 12. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  35. ^ Planalp, Brian (August 8, 2024). "Netherland Plaza owner owes Cincinnati, Hamilton County millions in unpaid taxes, magistrate rules". Cincinnati Business Courier. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  36. ^ Moorwood, Victoria (November 13, 2023). "Bricks fall from Carew Tower causing road closure downtown". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  37. ^ Weiter, Taylor (November 14, 2023). "Officials shut down more areas around Carew Tower after loose pieces of brick fall from the 49-story building". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  38. ^ Wetterich, Chris (September 12, 2024). "Port agrees to deal with Carew Tower developer". Local 12. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
  39. ^ Franklin, Sydney; Tucker, Randy (May 7, 2025). "$162M Carew Tower conversion readies for city approvals. See rent details, timeline". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
  40. ^ "Death of MArtha Schrickel, Cinci 1944". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 16, 1944. p. 5. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  41. ^ "Details of suicide". The Cincinnati Enquirer. May 25, 1944. p. 19. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  42. ^ TIME (March 17, 1952). "Radio: Unscheduled Program". TIME. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  43. ^ "Article clipped from The Cincinnati Enquirer". The Cincinnati Enquirer. June 13, 1978. p. 42. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  44. ^ "1961_10_26_Cinti Enquirer_Page 18_Carew Tower Jump Fatal". The Cincinnati Enquirer. October 26, 1961. p. 18. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  45. ^ "1969_03_28_Cinti Enquirer_Page 1_Plunges to Death From Carew Tower". The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 28, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  46. ^ "Article clipped from The Cincinnati Enquirer". The Cincinnati Enquirer. June 13, 1978. p. 42. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  47. ^ "Frank Rosenberger Death Cincinnati Enquirer 22 Apr 1982". The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 22, 1982. p. 33. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  48. ^ "The Cincinnati Enquirer from Cincinnati, Ohio". Newspapers.com. October 12, 1992. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  49. ^ "The Cincinnati Enquirer from Cincinnati, Ohio". Newspapers.com. April 14, 2000. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  50. ^ Ashmore, Chad (May 12, 2016). "Report: Man Dies After Jumping Off Carew Tower". 100.3. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  51. ^ Burke, Mack (October 30, 2019). "Cincinnati Hotel Used as Model for Empire State Building Gets $73M JPM CMBS Refi". Commercial Observer. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  52. ^ Planalp, Brian (December 21, 2022). "Cincinnati's Carew Tower to be converted into apartments, condos". Fox19. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  53. ^ Coleman, Brent (September 28, 2015). "What's with Great American Tower's tiara?". WCPO 9. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
  54. ^ Painter, Sue Ann (2006). Architecture in Cincinnati: An Illustrated History of Designing and Building an American City. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0821417002.
  55. ^ a b Pender, Rick (April 15, 2021). Oldest Cincinnati. Reedy Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-68106-304-1.
  56. ^ "The King's State Apartment". Palace of Versailles. March 27, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  57. ^ Morris, Jeff (June 8, 2009). Haunted Cincinnati and Southwest Ohio. Arcadia Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 9780738560335. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  58. ^ Kiesewetter, John. "The area's famous places: As seen on TV". The Enquirer. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
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